The Matrix

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The Matrix is a science-fiction/action film first released in the USA on March 31, 1999, written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski. It stars Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss and Hugo Weaving. It has developed a strong following as a renowned Generation X/Generation Y classic.

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow. The film describes a world in which the titular Matrix is an artificial reality created by sentient machines in order to pacify, subdue and make use of the human population as batteries by growing them and connecting them to the Matrix with cybernetic implants. It contains numerous references to philosophical and religious ideas, the hacker subculture, and homages to Hong Kong action movies, Japanese animation and cyberpunk.

The Matrix was filmed in Sydney, Australia. The film is a co-production of Warner Bros Studios and Australian Village Roadshow Pictures.

Contents

The Matrix series and franchise

The Matrix earned $171 million in the USA and $460 million worldwide. This relatively unexpected mainstream success outside of cult following led to the greenlighting of the next two films of what the Wachowskis maintain was conceived as a trilogy, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. It was a number of years and several iterations of scripts before the final movies were approved, and there is continued debate among viewers over whether they match the quality and conceptual heights of the original film.

Also released was The Animatrix, a collection of nine animated short films, many of which were created in the same Japanese animation style that was a strong influence on the live trilogy. The Animatrix was overseen and approved by the Wachowski brothers but they only wrote four of the segments themselves and did not direct any of them; much of the project was created by notable figures from the world of animé. Four of the films were originally released on the series' official website; one was shown in cinemas with the Warner Bros movie Dreamcatcher; the others first appeared with the DVD release of all nine shorts.

The franchise contains three video games: Enter the Matrix (2003), which depicted events linked to the story of The Matrix Reloaded and which contained footage shot specifically for the game; The Matrix Online (2004), a MMORPG which continues the story beyond The Matrix Revolutions; and The Matrix: Path of Neo, which was released 8 November 2005 and focuses on situations based on Neo's journey through the trilogy of films.

Available on the official website are a number of free comics set in the world of The Matrix, written and illustrated by figures from the comics industry. Some of these comics are also available in two printed volumes.

Principal cast

Actor Role
Keanu Reeves Neo
Laurence Fishburne Morpheus
Carrie-Anne Moss Trinity
Hugo Weaving Agent Smith
Julian Arahanga Apoc
Marcus Chong Tank
Matt Doran Mouse
Gloria Foster the Oracle
Paul Goddard Agent Brown
Belinda McClory Switch
Joe Pantoliano Cypher
Anthony Ray Parker Dozer
Robert Taylor II Agent Jones

Synopsis

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow. In an American city in the year 1999, Thomas A. Anderson (Keanu Reeves) is a computer software programmer for a respectable software company, but also leads a secret life as a hacker under the alias "Neo". He is contacted by Trinity (Carrie-Anne Moss), a woman who is aware of his desire to learn what the rumoured "Matrix" is. Neo believes that a man named Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne) is somehow connected to the answer.

At work, he is apprehended by three sinister agents, who present evidence of his criminal activities as Neo. They explain that Morpheus is an extremely dangerous wanted man, and request Neo's help in locating him; in return they will erase his criminal record. He refuses to cooperate, and the scene turns nightmarish. Neo wakes up at home, assuming the event to be a dream, but immediately receives a telephone call from Morpheus, suggesting they meet.

Morpheus explains that he has been searching for Neo his entire life, and offers him a choice between two pills: the blue pill, which would enable him to wake up in his bed and believe the meeting had been merely a dream; and the red pill, which would allow him to finally learn the truth about the rumored Matrix.

After accepting the red pill, Neo, scared and confused, abruptly wakes up naked in a liquid-filled chamber, his body connected by wires to a vast mechanical tower bristling with pods identical to his. The largest wire is connected to a plug on the back of his head; a floating machine removes it, and Neo is ejected out of the pod into a dark pool of water. He is rescued by Morpheus and taken aboard his hovercraft, the Nebuchadnezzar. Neo passes in and out of consciousness, commenting that his eyes hurt - Morpheus explains that this is because he has never used them before. He urges him to rest while his atrophied muscles are rebuilt.

Neo eventually recovers, and is taken to the main deck of the ship, where, sitting in a chair, a plug is inserted into the socket in the back of Neo's head. Instantly, he appears in a blank white expanse, his appearance back to normal. Morpheus is also there, and explains that they are in the Construct program, a virtual reality environment used for training. Neo is told that the year is not 1999, but closer to 2199, and humanity is fighting a war against intelligent machines. In order to deny the machines their power source, solar energy, the humans "scorched the sky", permanently blocking out the Sun's light. (Exactly how and why are covered in greater detail in a chapter of The Animatrix.) The machines responded by enslaving human beings and using them as an energy source. Humans are no longer born, but harvested in endless fields throughout the planet. It turns out that the world which Neo has inhabited since birth, the Matrix, is an illusory simulated reality construct of the world of 1999, developed by the machines to keep the human population docile whilst they are connected to generators and their energy is harvested. (The story glosses over the scientific problems with this premise; see The Matrix series and The Second Renaissance for further details.) Morpheus and Trinity are part of a group of free humans who "unplug" humans from the Matrix and recruit them to their resistance against the machines.

Morpheus has rescued Neo from the Matrix because he believes that he is "The One", a man prophesied by the Oracle to "hail the destruction of the Matrix, end the war, bring freedom to our people". Morpheus believes that Neo has the power to free humankind from its enslavement through complete mastery of the Matrix. Neo is initially skeptical.

Training

In order for Neo to join the group, he must learn how to bend or break the rules of the Matrix in order to subvert the simulation's laws of physics. He goes through several training programs uploaded directly into his mind by the Nebuchadnezzar's operator Tank. Over a period of ten hours, he learns martial arts disciplines such as Jujitsu and Kung Fu. In a Construct simulation of a dojo, Neo spars with Morpheus. Morpheus initially dominates, and despite a speed which impresses the crew, Neo is unable to land a strike and is defeated. Morpheus explains that his muscles have nothing to do with his abilities within the Matrix, and in a second round Neo moves faster and finally manages to get past Morpheus's defenses, leaving the crew amazed.

The two are then transferred to the "jump program," a simulation of two skyscrapers a significant distance apart. Morpheus easily leaps between the two buildings, but despite encouraging phrases such as "Free your mind", when Neo attempts to do so he falls. When he is unplugged from the program, Neo spits out some blood, and is told that any injuries suffered in the Matrix are reflected in the real world: if he is killed in the Matrix his physical body will also die.

In another training program Morpheus warns Neo of the rebels' main hazard in the Matrix: Agents. The men in suits who interrogated Neo earlier were actually self-aware programs who behave as anti-virus utilities; their purpose is to seek out and eliminate any problems within the Matrix in order to keep it stable. Anyone who has not been unplugged from the Matrix is potentially an Agent, because they have the ability to take over the body of anyone still connected to the system. They are armed with Desert Eagle pistols and possess incredible martial arts skills, superhuman strength, agility, and speed. Morpheus tells Neo that "everyone who has stood their ground against an Agent has died", but explains that Agents are still nonetheless limited by the physical rules of the Matrix: once Neo, being The One, fully understands the true nature of the Matrix, the Agents will be no match for him.

Later, another member of the crew, Cypher, advises Neo to disregard Morpheus's advice; telling him that if he sees an Agent, his only chance of survival is to run away.

The Oracle

The group enters the Matrix to take Neo to meet the Oracle, a woman Morpheus describes as being very old and with the rebels "since the beginning (...) of the resistance". In the Oracle's apartment, several children manipulate objects using telekinetic abilities. A young bald boy bending a spoon tells Neo,

"Do not try and bend the spoon. That's impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth. (...) There is no spoon. Then you'll see that it is not the spoon that bends, it is only yourself."

Neo, alone, enters the kitchen of the apartment and meets with the Oracle (Gloria Foster), an old African American lady baking cookies. Neo is puzzled at her ability to predict future actions: at one point she tells him not to worry about the vase, to which Neo immediately reacts by accidentally knocking one over. When asked how could she could have known, she replies: "What is really going to bake your noodle later on is: would you still have broken it if I hadn't said anything?"

She then implies that Neo is not the One, and that he seems to be waiting for something — his next life, perhaps. She states that Morpheus believes in the prophecy so blindly, he would sacrifice his life to save Neo's, and predicts that he must make a choice between his life and that of Morpheus. As they leave, Morpheus explains to Neo that the Oracle's words were for him alone.

Betrayal and rescue

After the meeting, the crew head towards the nearest "hard line", a telephone line in the Matrix which may be used by the rebels to safely exit from the virtual world. As they approach the exit, Neo has a déjà vu moment, which Trinity explains is usually the result of a glitch in the Matrix, implying that something in the environment has been changed. They discover that all the doors and windows are blocked, with Agents and a police SWAT team pursuing them up the stairs. Mouse finds himself trapped and is spotted by the SWAT team and killed. They then try to escape the building through the main "wet" wall, but are discovered hiding behind the wall by a police officer, who soon becomes an agent and punches through the wall, grabbing Neo. An unarmed Morpheus attempts to save Neo from Agent Smith's grasp, and is effortlessly beaten and captured. The others manage to escape, and one crew member, Cypher, is separated from the group and is the first to reach the hard line. After being disconnected, Cypher stuns Tank and kills Tank's older brother, Dozer.

The crew discovers that Morpheus was captured due to a betrayal by Cypher, who preferred living in ignorance within the Matrix and blames Morpheus for giving him the red pill. He made an agreement with Agent Smith to be reconnected back to the power plant — with his memories of the system's true nature erased — in return for delivering Morpheus to the Agents. Cypher murders Apoc and Switch by unplugging them, but before he can kill Neo and Trinity, Tank recovers and kills Cypher.

Meanwhile, Morpheus has been imprisoned in a government military building. Three Agents attempt to use a serum to gain information from him regarding access codes to the defenses of Zion. Based on what the Oracle said to him, Neo decides to rescue Morpheus despite Tank's warnings that attempting to do so would be suicide.

Neo and Trinity return to the Matrix and, entering the building, kill the dozens of soldiers (and, temporarily, the three Agents) guarding Morpheus. In the process Neo becomes more confident and familiar with manipulating the Matrix, allowing him to perform feats such as dodging bullets fired at him by an Agent.

They finally succeed in rescuing their leader, and in an empty subway station Morpheus and Trinity exit the Matrix through a hard line. However, before Neo can follow, the phone booth being used as an exit is destroyed by Agent Smith. Instead of fleeing from him as he had been advised, Neo duels with Smith, and is able to hold his own for a while. Eventually, he is overwhelmed, and the Agent attempts to kill him by holding him down on the subway tracks as a train approaches. Stunning Smith with an unexpected move, Neo leaps out of the way just before the train arrives and collides with the Agent, apparently killing him. However, it is only a temporary escape, as Agent Smith quickly possesses another body and pursues Neo.

Becoming The One

Neo is chased through the city by the three Agents while Sentinels locate the Nebuchadnezzar's position in the real world and close in fast. However, the ship's electromagnetic pulse device, the crew's only weapon against the Sentinels, cannot be activated until Neo has left the Matrix. As they prepare to use it, Tank guides Neo towards an "old exit". He opens the door to the room containing the exit telephone, but Smith is already waiting, with his gun pointed at Neo's chest. He shoots him several times, and Neo collapses to the floor in the Matrix as a flatline readout of his heartbeat occurs on the Nebuchadnezzar. The crew is devastated, wondering how such a thing is possible if Neo is "the One" they believed him to be. Trinity whispers to Neo that she refuses to accept his death, since the Oracle told her that the man she would fall in love with would be the One.

Neo's heart monitor begins to beat again, and within the Matrix he stands up. The Agents shoot at him, but he raises his palm and stops their bullets in mid-air (thus fulfilling Morpheus' prediction that The One will not have to dodge bullets). As they fall to the ground, Neo looks up and sees the artificial Matrix as lines of streaming green code: he finally becomes "The One".

Agent Smith makes one last ditch attempt to physically attack him, but Neo effortlessly blocks his punches. He then plunges directly into Smith's body, causing it to rupture and then explode, leaving Neo standing. The other two Agents flee, and Neo returns to the real world barely in time for the ship's electromagnetic pulse to short out the Sentinels.

A short epilogue shows him back in the Matrix, making a telephone call promising:

"I'm going to show these people what you don't want them to see. I'm going to show them a world without you... a world without rules and controls, without borders or boundaries. A world... where anything is possible. Where we go from here is a choice I leave to you."

Neo hangs up the phone, looks up, and flies into the sky above the city. [1]

The story continues, six months later, in The Matrix Reloaded.

Visual effects

The film is known for popularizing and evolving the use of a visual effect known as bullet time, which allows the viewer to explore a moment progressing in slow-motion while the camera appears to orbit around the scene at normal speed.

Bullet time is effectively a technically expanded version of an old art photography technique known as time-slice photography, in which a large number of cameras are placed around an object and fired simultaneously. When the sequence of shots is viewed as a movie, the viewer sees what is in effect two-dimensional "slices" of a three-dimensional moment. Watching such a "time slice" movie is akin to the real-life experience of walking around a statue to see how it looks at different angles.

Some scenes in The Matrix feature the "time-slice" effect with completely frozen characters and objects. Interpolation techniques improved the fluidity of the apparent "camera motion". The effect was further expanded upon by the Wachowski brothers and visual effects supervisor John Gaeta to create bullet time, which incorporates temporal motion, so that rather than being totally frozen the scene progresses in slow and variable motion. Engineers at Manex Visual Effects pioneered 3D visualization planning methods to move beyond mechanically fixed views towards complex camera paths and flexibly moving interest points. There is also an improved fluidity through the use of non-linear interpolation, digital compositing and the introduction of computer generated "virtual" scenery.

The objective of bullet time shots in The Matrix was to creatively illustrate "mind over matter" type events as captured by a "virtual camera". However, the original technical approach was physically bound to pre-determined perspectives, and the resulting effect only suggested the capabilities of a true virtual camera.

The evolution of photogrametric and image based CGI background approaches in The Matrix's bullet time shots set the stage for later innovations unveiled in the sequels The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. Virtual Cinematography (CGI-rendered characters, locations and events) and the high-definition Universal Capture process completely replaced the use of still camera arrays, thus realising the virtual camera.

This film upset the juggernaut release of Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace by winning the Academy Award for an Achievement in Visual Effects.

Influences and interpretations

Template:Main articles The Matrix makes numerous references to historical and literary myths, including Japanese director Mamoru Oshii's acclaimed Ghost in the Shell, Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Judeo-Christian imagery about Messianism, Buddhism, Gnosticism and the novels of William Gibson, especially Neuromancer.

Grant Morrison's comic series The Invisibles had a clear influence on the Matrix trilogy, visible from thematic and aesthetic similarities between the two. Morrison believes that the Wachowski brothers essentially plagiarized his work to create the first film. [2]

Trace program

In the first scene we see a green cursor blinking on a black screen. In this first metaphor is hidden the most profound meaning of the entire film, a living machine, the duality of human and Artificial Intelligence. In a 1996 version of the film's screenplay, the Wachowski brothers described it like a heart:

A blinking cursor pulses in the electric darkness like a heart coursing with phosphorous light, burning beneath the derma of black-neon glass

Mirrors and music

Mirrors appear frequently in the movie: reflections of the blue and red pills are seen in Morpheus's glasses; Neo's capture by Agents is viewed through the rear-view mirror of Trinity's motorcycle; reflections warp as a spoon is bent; the reflection of a helicopter is visible as it approaches a skyscraper. The film also frequently references the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the sequel to which is called Through the Looking-Glass.

Composer Don Davis focused on the film's theme of reflections when creating his score, alternating between sections of the orchestra and attempting to incorporate contrapuntal ideas. He used choral and symphonic music to represent the humans, and synthesisers for the machines.[2]

Colours and patterns

Grid-patterns were incorporated into the sets for scenes inside the Matrix, intended to convey the cold, logical, artificial nature of that environment. The production design of the film placed an emphasis on the colour blue during the scenes set in the real world, whereas in the Matrix there is a bias towards green, the colour of the downward-flowing Matrix source code. [3] This code includes mirror images of half-width katakana characters and Western letters and numbers, and is strongly reminiscent of similar computer code in the film Ghost in the Shell, an acknowledged influence on the Matrix series. The linking of the color green to computers may also have been intended to evoke the green tint of old monochrome computer monitors.

Also, the Chroma key screens used for shooting special effects scenes were bluescreen for Matrix scenes and green for real world scenes. This was done to ensure that the predominent colors of the sets did not interfere with the CGI editing processes.

The pattern of rain can be seen in several scenes set within the Matrix to represent the pattern of falling "Matrix Code". Two notable scenes are in the first movie, after Neo is bugged and taking a ride in a car with Trinity, Switch and Apoc. The second, more major, scene is the final showdown between Neo and Smith. In the former scene, rain can be seen dripping down windows, and falling off of ledges. In the latter scene, the rain was more significant and played a larger aesthetic role.

Names

Main article: The Matrix character names

In the Matrix series, the name of a character often refers to their role in the story.

  • Neo comes from the Greek word meaning "new", and is an anagram of "One", Neo's title in the story.
  • Morpheus ("he who forms, shapes, molds", from the Greek morphe) is the principal Greek god of dreams and sleep. He is the one who awakens Neo from his dormant state, giving him a new life.
  • Trinity commonly refers to the equal union of the Father and Son and Holy Ghost in one Godhead. It also is the cardinal number "that is the sum of one and one and one." Just as Christianity maintains that life comes from the Trinity, so is Neo brought back to life through his Trinity.
  • Cypher differs from the rest of the crew from various aspects. He is the only one with a goatee, and during Neo's introduction to his new comrades, Cypher is the only one to speak. "Cypher" undoubtably comes from the word cipher, meaning the set of rules used to encrypt a set of data. Cypher betrays his crew in return for re-immersion into the Matrix, but is killed (see above).
  • Smith, Jones and Brown are common surnames in Western English speaking countries. It indicates the seriality and the lack of identity of the Agents, who are programs.
  • Also Switch, Apoc, Mouse and Dozer, even if in minor part, are metaphors of their roles.

Critical reception

At the time of its release, relatively unknown and with the highly anticipated Star Wars Episode 1 as competition in the sci-fi genre, The Matrix was a revelation for many critics[3][4][5]. The combination of special-effects-laden action and philosophical meandering was considered fresh and exciting[6][7]. Roger Ebert praised the film's visuals and premise, but disliked the third act's focus on action.[8] Other reviewers criticised the comparative humourlessness[9] and self-indulgence[10] of the movie.

Awards and nominations

The Matrix received Oscars for film editing, sound effects editing, visual effects, and sound. Furthermore, the film won these awards in the year that Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace was released, making it the first film to win the special effects Oscars when competing with an entry in the Star Wars series.

It also received BAFTA awards for Best Sound and Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects.

Impact

The Matrix has a strong effect on action film-making in Hollywood. It upped the ante for cinematic fight scenes by hiring acclaimed choreographers (such as Yuen Woo-ping) from the Hong Kong action cinema scene, well-known for its production of martial arts films. The success of The Matrix put those choreographers in high demand by other filmmakers who wanted fights of similar sophistication: for example, Yuen Woo-ping's brother Cheung-Yan Yuen was choreographer on Daredevil (2003). There was a surge in movies, commercials and pop videos copying "the Matrix look", usually without the training and attention to detail that made it successful in the first place.

Following The Matrix, films made abundant use of slow-motion, spinning cameras, and, often, the famed bullet time effect of a character freezing in mid-air and the camera panning around them. The effect has been parodied in many comedy films such as Scary Movie (in which a character hurts his back while leaning backwards like Neo), Shrek, Kung Pow: Enter the Fist and Team America: World Police (in which it is the two fighting characters who revolve, rather than the camera); and in TV series such as The Simpsons and Family Guy.

The Matrix source code has been adopted in logos, advertisements and used in various media (e.g., computer screensavers) to denote the 'digital era'.

The success of The Matrix, particularly on the DVD format, led to two sequels. The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions were filmed simultaneously during one shoot, and released in two parts in 2003. They see an evolution in many concepts laid down by the original film: philosophical parallels, religious allegories, and an expanded scope to talk about issues pertaining to consciousness. The first movie's relatively plot-lite introductory tale is replaced by a more involved story centred on the impending attack of the human enclave of Zion by a vast machine army. Neo also learns more about the history of the Matrix, his role as the One and the prophecy that he will end the war. The sequels also incorporate longer and more ambitious action scenes, as well as improvements in bullet time and other visual effects. Although the sequels provided closure for the characters and the storyline while still incorporating the themes of the original movie, they were less well-received than the first.

Sophia Stewart legal case

On October 4, 2004, a California court granted Sophia Stewart leave to continue her case against Warner Brothers and the Wachowski Brothers [11] [12]. The case was filed by Stewart on April 24, 2003 [13]. Stewart claims that the story of The Matrix was based on a manuscript she wrote titled "The Third Eye" which she allegedly submitted to the Wachowskis in response to an advertisement. One account misreported the October 4th decision as Stewart winning her lawsuit, rather than simply winning permission to continue with the case. The case has since been dismissed.[14]

Trivia

  • The mobile phone used through out this film is the Nokia 8110. It is not available in the U.S.
  • The locations mentioned in the film are all named after places in Chicago, Illinois. Maps of the city shown in the film also resemble Chicago, although most filming was done in Sydney, Australia. At the beginning of the scene where Neo is talking with his boss, the Sears Tower is visible in a picture on the wall.
  • A Sydney Commonwealth Bank branch can be seen as Neo and Morpheus walk through the streets, and in the final scene, some of the Sydney Harbour Bridge can be seen. The 'girl in the red dress' scene is filmed in Martin Place, Sydney.
  • Some of the rooms shown early in the film are featured again later. Room 303 in the Heart O' the City Hotel, where the police officers find Trinity, is the same room where Neo is killed by Agent Smith and resurrected as the One; the building in which Neo meets Morpheus for the first time is the place in which the group later appears before meeting the Oracle; and the room in which Neo takes the pill is the same room in which Mouse dies.
  • The premise of the film, that humans can be used as a power source, is considered thermodynamically impossible, and implies certain plot holes. A different use for humans - as components in a vast computer - appeared in the short story "Goliath" on the movie's website (also included in the first volume of The Matrix Comics). Fans speculate that this was the original premise of the movie, but was considered too technical for a lay audience to grasp.
  • Alternative techniques discussed for creating the movie's bullet-time effects (as discussed in the various Making Of... documentaries for the movie) involved accelerating a high-frame-rate motion picture camera along a fixed track at a high enough speed to capture the action as it occurred. These were discarded as unfeasable, as the destruction of the camera in the attempt was all but inevitable.
  • According to The Art of the Matrix, only one filmed scene was omitted from the final cut. In the scene, Cypher explains to Neo that he is not the first person Morpheus has singled out as the One.
  • In 1993, Carrie-Anne Moss appeared in a short-lived science fiction television series called Matrix [15]
  • Warner Home Video announced that the film is to be released on HD DVD on April 25, 2006.[4]
  • The Matrix contains multiple references to the movie 1984. One of the most notable being the scene in which Cypher enjoys a steak dinner; raising the piece of meat, Cypher questions its validity much like the character Parsons does in the movie 1984, however nevertheless he continues to enjoy the meal. Cypher continues to allude to 1984 in the scene, saying that when he is re-inserted he would like to remember nothing - much like the doublethink of 1984 - and also states he may want to be an actor. In addition to this, Neo's room number at the beginnig is 101, the room in which people are taken in 1984 to be effectively brainwashed.

Notes and references

  1. ↑ The film's screenplay describes this final moment with the words "faster than a speeding bullet", a reference to Superman.
  2. ↑ Don Davis, interviewed in The Matrix Revisited (Chapter 28). A transcript of his comments may be found online: [1]
  3. ↑ Costume designer Kym Barret, production designer Owen Paterson and cinematographer Bill Pope, interviewed in The Matrix Revisited (Chapter 7).
  4. ↑ Business Wire. Warner Home Video Announces Titles and Release Dates for HD DVD. January 5, 2006.

External links

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Articles and Books

Religion/philosophy/theory of The Matrix

Fan sites

Copyright

"Original data received from Wikipedia on April 02, 2006. Credit given to original authors can be seen Here."

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